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The paper analyzes the reform of the Austrian Emperor Joseph II in the Austrian Empire and their distribution in Galicia (1780–1790). Special attention is focused on the characteristics of public administration reform, judicial, religious, educational, agricultural, etc. It is shown that the inclusion of the Western lands of the Austrian Empire coincided in time with the first wave of modernization reforms in this country that are 70-80 pp. XVIII. started its Austrian ruler Maria Theresa (1740–1780), and after her death her son continued the case Joseph II (1780–1790). Emperor Joseph II in 1765 ruled with Maria Theresa, and since 1780 - on their own. In the years of their rule finalization of accounts and flourishing Austrian absolutism. As a result of this policy in the second half of the XVIII century. in Austria in the management of significant changes. Activities rulers became more progressive and rational. One important justification for any innovations now considered their benefit for the state and the public. The reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II were aimed at simplifying the management system, and thus its centralizing, modernizing agriculture policy, limiting municipal government and guild privileges, improving education, introduction of a single criminal code, narrowing the influence of the church and others. The results of the reforms of Maria Theresa was: unified judicial system; created a standing army; introduced universal military service; established military income; abolished internal customs borders and fees; created bureaucracy; sorted accounting systems and controls; conducted the first census of population and land; serfdom reduced from 5–6 to 3 days a week (Laws 1771 and 1775); narrowed the jurisdiction of the landlords over the peasants; allowed farmers the right to repurchase hereditary possession of plots of land; subject to the state church; All religious faiths received equal rights; entitled to all inhabitants of the land get an education, and elementary school are allowed to study in their mother tongue; opened wide network of secular schools at state expense. Of particular interest is the analysis and evaluation of judiciary reform in legal proceedings in the Austrian Empire and their distribution in Galicia. ; Проаналізовано реформи австрійського імператора Йосифа ІІ в Австрійській імперії та їхнє поширення у Галичині (1780–1790 рр.). Значну увагу зосереджено на характеристиці реформ державного управління, судочинства, релігійній, освітній, аграрній реформах тощо. Особливий інтерес становить аналіз та оцінка реформ судоустрою у судочинстві в Австрійській імперії та їхнє поширення у Галичині.

Romanized record. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"In late eighteenth-century Vienna, a remarkable coterie of five aristocratic women, popularly known as the 'five princesses,' achieved social preeminence and acclaim as close associates of the reforming Habsburg Emperor Joseph II. They were Princess Maria Josepha Clary; Princess Maria Sidonia Kinsky; Princess Maria Leopoldine Liechtenstein; Countess, subsequently Princess, Maria Leopoldine Kaunitz; and Princess Maria Eleonore Liechtenstein. During the Viennese social season, members of the group made their way several times each week to the inner city palace of one of the 'Dames,' as members of the group called themselves. Through analysis of the correspondence of these women and of the published and unpublished commentaries of their contemporaries, this study scrutinizes the activities of this select group of women during the co-regency period (1765-1780) when Joseph shared responsibility with his mother, Maria Theresia, and during Joseph's decade as sole ruler (1780-1790) after Maria Theresia's death--years during which the women enjoyed their special position"--

hrsg. von Adolf Beer ; Text franz. ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Epist. 371 mh

aus d. Engl. übers. von Dorothea Margaretha Liebeskind ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Brit. 493

Die Diplomarbeit ist in drei Teile gegliedert. Der erste Hauptteil befasst sich mit der Geschichte des Reisens von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. In diesem Abschnitt wird besonders auf Reisen im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert eingegangen. Weiters wird ein Überblick über die Art des Reisens (mit Bezügen zur Ausstattung, Motivation der Reisenden, den Reisezielen) zu jener Zeit gegeben, und es wird versucht, besonders auf adeliges Reisen einzugehen.Der zweite Teil der Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit der Person Joseph II. Zu erwähnen ist, dass jene ersten beiden Teile einen kleinen Teil der Diplomarbeit einnehmen. Die ersten beiden Hauptteile dienen einer allgemeinen Einführung in die Diplomarbeit, da der Meinung des Autors ein Überblick über das Thema wichtig ist, um das Spezialthema leichter verständlich zu machen. Das erwähnte Spezialthema befasst sich mit der Reisetätigkeit Joseph II. Der dritte Hauptteil beschäftigt sich eingehend mit dem Genannten und bildet den wesentlichen Kern der Diplomarbeit. Hierbei werden die Reisen des Kaisers aufgelistet und beschrieben, und die Motivation des Kaisers fürs Reisen wird erklärt. In den Unterpunkten des Hauptteils wird auf einige Reisen genauer eingegangen. In diesem Teil nehmen die diplomatisch-politischen Reisen einen wichtigen Stellenwert ein. Die erste Italienreise 1769, die beiden Treffen mit dem Preußenkönig Friedrich II. dem Großen 1769 in Neiße und 1770 in Neustadt, die erste Frankreichreise 1777 und das Treffen mit König Ludwig XVI. und dessen Ehegattin, Josephs Schwester Marie Antoinette, sowie die beiden Russlandreisen, 1780 und 1787, wo er Katharina die Große besuchte, werden hierin beschrieben. Die meisten wichtigen Reisen unternahm der Kaiser zur Zeit der Mitregentschaft. ; The thesis is divided in three parts. The first part refers to the history of travelling from the ancient times till the 18th century. This part will especially describe the kind of travelling in the 17th and 18th century, because the kind of travelling as Jospeh II. it did, is similar as described for the 17th and 18th Century. Furthermore there will be a overview of the kind of travelling of this time (referring to equipment, motivation of travellers and travel destinations). It will be tried to describe the aristocratic travelling because the Kaiser belonged to this kind of social class.The second part of the thesis refers to the biography of Joseph II. In this part it will be described Josephs motivation of travelling and it will be dealed with the causes of his travelling, like the relationship to his mother Maria Theresia, which is one big part of the causes. In this part will be a short biography of the Kaiser. The two first main parts will be a little part of the thesis and lead to the second part of the thesis, which is the main part of the whole.The special topic will be described in the third part. It occupies oneself with the diverse journeys of the Kaiser. In this part will the diverse journeys be listed and the motivation of Joseph II. to travel to the diverse destinations will be described. In the subitems of the main part there will be a description of mainly all of the journeys. The main part of the journeys which will be described, will be the political-diplomatical journeys to Italy 1769, the both meetings with the King of Prussia Frederick the Great 1769 in Neiße and Neustadt 1770, the first journey to France 1777 to King Louis XVI. and Josephs sister Marie Antoinette and the both journeys to Russia 1780 and 1787 where the Kaiser visited Catherine the Great. The most of the important journeys made the Kaiser during his co-regency. ; vorgelegt von Roland Kratzer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)252087

<p>Análisis de la carrera expansionista norteamericana en el periodo de conformación del Estado nacional. Reseña los debates en torno al republicanismo y la incorporación de nuevas tierras, así coma los planteamientos al gobierno español sobre los derechos de navegación en el Mississipi. En este contexto, las tesis manejadas por James Madison ilustran el potencial de la ambición norteamericana para abrir el camino a una explotación comercial intensa o incorporarse al desarrollo de la economía capitalista.</p>